You can make a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

You can make a topic - Essay ExampleLeopold argues that there mother not been laws to determine the ethical aspects of the person and other things like land and animals which are relevant parts of the life of batch. This means that people are presumable participate in the different ways that violates the rights of the land and animals without getting subjected to any law (Leopold 163-164).Leopold (165) argue ethics is a guide that should dictate the demeanor of people when they are interacting with other parts of the ecology in which they live and travail to have their livelihood. According to him for example, land ethic makes Homo sapiens just members in the ecology as opposed to his conquering position in which he may take advantage of other individuals in the society. This means that people cannot exploit the land while provoking the rights of the other organisms that are occupying the same environment because the rights make all of them equal members in the environment. In a nother area, Leopold says that conservation is iodine of the key components and role that members of the ecology should carry on as long as they are in the environment. This means that all the occupants need to be advised of the place in which they live and therefore, they should engage in practices that will ensure that they their stay is sustainable.On the other hand, Leopold (166) provides an alternative to land ethics which is looking at the fact of conservation from the perspective of the economic value of each member of the ecology. This means that all the plants and animals that produce nothing of economic significance should be left out to survive on their own and can also be eliminated to allow the productivity of the land.The strength of Leopolds work is that it provides a framework of the behavior of different individuals in the ecology as role players to ensure conservation of the environment without

Understanding Slavery Essay Example for Free

Understanding Slavery EssayA poignantly moving drool of a womans courage and determination in the face of patently insurmountable odds, Incidents in the spiritedness of a Slave Girl undoubtedly serves as an inspiration for those who end to rise beyond their initial station in life on the expression to achieving ones dreams. though the author claims it to be a diachronic account, it could easily pass off for a work of fiction in the tradition of the historical novel a romanticizing Ameri contribute life and history with its tale of noble hapless, heroic daring and unwavering zeal. Perhaps much(prenominal) significantly, its merit lies in offering the reader the nuisanceful truth of the striver experience finished the eyes of an African-American slave girl. As Jacobs narrates, she was born a slave but she never knew it until six years of happy childhood had passed away (Jacobs, p. 1). Though they were all slaves in the family, she was so fondly shielded from that fact and they appear to be possessed of lived normal lives that she never dreamed she was a piece of merchandise certain(p) to them for safe keeping, and liable to be demanded of them at any moment (Jacobs, p.1). That is, until her mother died and her life took a turn for the worse, experiencing first hand what it meant to be a slave in those days. Beca recitation of the way she was raised, it would appear that Linda Brent is exceptional for a woman of her social stature. Having received the rudiments of a basic education at the give of her familys original owners, she is clear thinking and possesses a keen intellect.Not surprisingly, she was able to transcend the limitations of incline, class and gender and grasp the reality that women, regardless of color, race and stature, share the common experience of victimization at the hands of a male-dominated, patriarchal society. Moreover, by virtue of the loving relationships she had establish early on with her family and present(prenomi nal) community, she is quite capable of empathy. Her initial understanding of the nature of thrall, though nonetheless negative, did not prevent her from maintaining a positive outlook towards life, notwithstanding her position in the social hierarchy.This however has been severely challenged by means ofout the years of her ordeal. Due to the many betrayals she had experienced in her lifetime, she learns to distrust people, and even though this is gradually tempered by the formation of positive relationships, she retains her hesitant, guarded approach to life. The books main strength lies in its rich narratives, the vivid portrayal of the female slave experience, and its use of the female point of view in the narration of her tale. In terms of limitations, the book would have problems in its illustration of the slave experience as legate of the larger Africa-America black community.Linda Brent and her family could be estimateed among the lucky few fate seemed to have favored amo ng the millions more of their kind, who, though some might have endeavored to fulfil their freedom were faced with more dire, less relenting circumstances which made freedom remain a dream for them. A cursory glance at historical accounts of slavery would reveal that many have attempted to escape from their masters, with a considerable number dying in the attempt. In Jacobs particular tale, the experience of women in bondage is illuminated.Yet more than a narration of physical infliction of pain, torture and misery the often-told tale of American slavery what is striking is how she makes the reader overlay that the most devastating blow endured and inflicted upon female slaves is that of the continuing existence of a frame recognizing, even illicitly sanctioning concubinage and licentiousness among white males, the double mensuration of the times which make it doubly hard for women, most especially slaves, to live a decent, dignified existence wherein they could realize their true worth as item-by-items.For the slaves in Americas colonial past, every day was deplorable. Suffering in its various forms physical, mental, emotional, psychological and spiritual was common-day fare subject to the wiles and dispositions of their masters. For both men and women, manual labor, e. g. working the fields in the plantations of the South, was a large component of the day. As Jacobs (p. 12) illustrates On a farm, they work until the corn and cotton are laid. They then have two holidays. Some masters give them a good dinner under the trees.This over, they work until Christmas Eve. If no heavy charges are meantime brought against them, they are habituated four or five holidays, whichever the master or overseer may think proper. For the women, this was often aggravated by (more often than not) unwarranted sexual advances, if not from their masters, the other male members of the household, or among fellow slaves. New Years Day was a terribly appalling affair, for hir ing day at the South took beam every first of January. To the slave mother, New Years Day comes laden with peculiar sorrowsShe sits on her cold cabin floor, watching the children who may all be torn from her the next morning and often does she wish that she and they might die before the day dawns. She may be an ignorant creature, degraded by the system that has brutalized her from childhood but she has a mothers instincts, and is capable of feeling a mothers agonies (Jacobs, p. 13). Children born as slaves were sold off at the auction block, for they belonged to their master just as their parents did, for him to do with as he pleases. For is that not the nature of property?Slaves were treated as such, not regarded as human beings, but rather little more than animals to be set to labor upon the fields, to assist in the keeping of the household, to run errands and perform manual labor deemed unworthy of the white masters unspotted hands. Those same white hands were quick with the wh ip for every transgression committed by an erring slave, and a mouth which reserved the foulest of words to elevate degrade the slave and instill in his/her consciousness his/her lack of worth, how inferior and far beneath their master they were.The ensuing slave consciousness formed from this brutal treatment, nourished throughout a life of bondage and suffering, is bitter and bleak, their minds ignorant and uncultured, deprived of the origins which give human existence its dignity, the individual his self-worth (Fowler and Fowler, p. 2). Yet in this condition of bondage, in their shared experience of misery, pain and wretchedness, they became increasingly aware of their sorry plight, and learned to yearn for freedom (Genovese, p. 114). The first stirrings of rebelliousness began to beat in their black Maria yearning for a life free from bondage and servitude.In this shared experience, the slave community developed a culture distinctly its own, reverberating with the govern of their African origins infused with their newfound material conditions in American soil. It is the experience of a particular slave girl by the name of Linda Brent which we shall explore in detail. Jacobs work, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, utilizes the literary form of the slave narrative, a form of autobiography with a unique structure and distinctive themes canvass the narrators path form slavery to freedom.It traces the narrators journey from poverty to freedom as her determination to overcome societal and self-imposed limitations leads her on to prevail despite her harrowing circumstances. It is quite a moving and inspiring tale, and the author succeeds in painting a deft picture of the real-life suffering of men and women in bondage who were born, raised and died as slaves at the hands of their masters in the sprawling plantations of the South.Though the slave narrative is recognized as a powerful literary form with obvious merits as a tool for anti-slavery and human rights causes as it compellingly illustrates how individuals could rise above the depths of their despair and overcome seemingly impossible odds, it too has its flaws as a resource for fully understanding the complex foundation of slavery.At one point, it perpetuates the myth that individuals can overcome established social structures and societal features disadvantageous to marginalized groups, e. g. racism against colored peoples, through sheer determination, will power, a never-say-die attitude, and a perpetually rosy outlook in life that things could only get better. In actual truth, for most slaves the matter of winning ones freedom is a whole lot more complicated than what most narratives seem to suggest in their success stories. The abolition of slavery was not simply a case of dissolving a centuries-old institution due to the influence of writers who decided to go public with their personal accounts of the evils of slavery.In a way, the slave narrative is deceptive in its promise of deliverance (giving a sense of false hope) to blacks while reinforcing the notions of a superiority complex of whites over other colored peoples as they could always say that those who fail to break pop out societys barriers, e. g. racial boundaries and the gap between rich and poor, to achieve success have only themselves to blame for their failures. It thus becomes a case of If others cant do it, why cant I? Yet the situation is inherently more complex than this.In analyzing slavery one has to consider the larger macro factors economics, political institutions, cultural norms, ideology, etc. as shaping the micro ones. That is, in the case of the slave narrative one needs to bushel the personal accounts in the larger social context of the period, the interplay between the personal and the historical, personal troubles and public issues, the intertwining of biography and history. Moreover, one could also apply a libber reading in Jacobs text for as Linda laments the birth of her daughter Ellen, she remarks how slavery is terrible for men but it is far more terrible for women (Jacobs, p. ).Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl illustrates how slavery proved to be a more wretched state for women who had to endure the same dehumanizing cruelty and brutality inflicted on men, as well as the torment of sexual abuse at the hands of their male masters and the anguish of being taken away from their children. Their pain and degradation were further compounded as they suffered being used as vessels of lust for their masters, breeding bastards to add to their masters stock but denied a mothers right to care for her children.The children born from such unions, Linda chillingly points out, was more often than not sold to protect the honor of the slave owners wife faced with the undeniable living testimony to her husbands lust. Addressing the issue of human bondage from a womans perspective, Jacobs attempts to get through to her readers, particularly the wo men of the Northern states, to make them aware of their responsibility to make their voices heard in protesting against slavery for their silence would be in support of the perpetuation of slavery as an institution.Her tale emphasizes the struggle of a particular woman (herself) to protect her family, in the process learning to fight for her freedom to be an independent individual in control of her own life, and enticing her own family and community to join in the struggle for the emancipation and liberation of slaves. All said, in its own way Jacobs work has significantly contributed to the success of the movement to abolish slavery in the get together States of America, and for that her efforts have been well-rewarded with the renewed scholarly interest in her work. Works Cited Andrews, William L. holy African American Womens Narratives. United Kingdom Oxford University Press, 2003. Bell, Ella Louise. Myths, Stereotypes and Realities of Black Women. The Journal of Applied Behavio ral Science, Vol. 40, No. 2, 146-159, 2004. Fowler, Lois J. and David H. Fowler, eds. Revelations of Self American Women in Autobiography. New York SUNY Press. Gates, atomic number 1 Louis Jr. The Classic Slave Narratives. Signet Classic, 2003. Genovese, Eugee. Roll, Jordan, Roll The World the Slaves Made. New York Pantheon Press, 1974. Gronniosaw, James Albert, Olaudah Equiano, Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass, William W.Brown, Henry Bibb, Sojourner Truth, William and Ellen Craft, Harriet A. Jacobs and Jacob Green. Slave Narratives. Library of America, 2002. Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. United Kingdom Oxford University Press, 1988. Mccaskill, Barbara. Yours very truly Ellen Craft the fugitive as Text and Artifact. African American Review, Vol. 28, 1994. Randle, Gloria T. Between the Rock and the Hard Place Mediating spaces in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. African America Review, Vol. 33, 1999. Yetman, Norman R. ed. Voices fro m Slavery 100 Authentic Slave Narratives. Courier Dover Publications

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) Essay Example for Free

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) EssayThe metrical composition Disabled by Winifred Owen uses many physical and mental contrasts/changes within the poem to help the reader beneathstand the theme that lies beneath nearly how war is ironic, brutal and destructive. One of these changes is how the protagonist soldier goes from being a young sports crampfish to an old, disabled man in a wheelchair.Throughout the poem Winifred Owen uses quotes such as smiling they wrote his lie aged nineteen to imply that the soldier was under aged at his time of joining the army. Winifred also writes After matches carried shoulder-high which demonstrates the derision of how the soldier is legless, sewn short at elbow but talks about how he use to think so gloriously about his days when he used to be a sports hero and liked a blood-smear cut down his leg after his football matches. This helped me understand the theme that war is ironic and destructive by showing the dire contrast from a healthy son to a crippled war veteran.The alliteration half his lifetime lapsed in a hot race is used to demonstrate again the irony and brutality of war by how half his life has passed by but it is described so quickly as a hot race. Alliteration was used to draw the readers attention to the line by exaggerating the first letter of nearly every word. This helped me understand the theme by demonstrating the consequences of war, how it feels like half his lifetime has kaput(p) by when wars really only last a few years.The important change of a young, fit man becoming a paraplegic is a perfect example of the destructive nature of war as it is such a major difference in a persons life. This make me think about the wars going on all around the world and how good New Zealand men and women soldiers are being seriously injured.

Evaluating a Torsional Pendulum Experiment Essay Example for Free

Evaluating a Torsional Pendulum Experiment EssayI will firstly act out the overall experimental break and how far it was from the true honour, employ the same formula used in the preliminary.=2? = 10.36 and so the total hallucination from what the true value should be is (11.368-10.36)/11.368 x 100= 8.89%This shows that my experimental results had an overall 8.89% fracture, where as in my preliminary I had an wrongdoing of 15.89%, at that placefore I turn over my improvements moderate improved the accuracy of my results.From the 2 graphs above I do-nothing see that the result for 0. 1 meter length seems to be the furthest out from the line of best fit, and may be considered as an anomalous result, however I dont think its necessary to remove this result. The reason for this error could be both of the ones stated below, or possibly as it was the first denotation I took, there could engender been an initial fault in my experiment set up. raze though I have improve d the accuracy of my experiment there are still many errors which will have decreased the accuracy of my results. I will asidewith state each one and estimate percentage errors for the reading error and also experimental error if possible.* The meter ruler is accurate to 0.5mm, therefore error on the smallest length would be (0.5/100)x100=0.5% and largest length (0.5/500)x100=0.1% . Therefore the error here merchant ship be no greater than 0.5%, so this is non a actually significant error. However there is also a large span for experimental error, the length of string may not have been fully straight due to not being stretched fully, and also every time I form the length of the wire there will be a new random error generated. These cant be avoided but overall these experimental errors may have been rough 0.3cm , meaning the maximum error would be (3/100)x100=3% error, which is therefore very significant.* The micrometer is accurate to 0.005mm, therefore the error on my diame ter of 0.49mm was (0.005/0.49)x100=1.02%, this shows a reduced error that of the preliminary, however a 1% error on the diameter can still be a study concomitantor. This is due to the fact that the diameter is raised to the power of 4 in the equation. Therefore a very small change in the diameter may cause a larger than expected change in time period. Therefore I think the error of the diameter may have been the most significant error. If the diameter had been 0.48mm indeed the percentage error measured above would have been only 5%, this shows how significant it was.The experimental error is also a factor due to the fact I had to twist 2 wires together to make a larger diameter. After taking 5 readings of the diameter, which were 0.49, 0.49, 0.48,0.49,0.47mm. I decided to use 0.49 as my value being the mode, however the fact that the diameter varied slightly meant there was an error. The range was 0.02mm, this could therefore have caused an error (0.02/0.49)x100=4.08%, therefo re also very significant. Also the fact that I twist two wires together, after some use, parts of the wire may have untwisted meaning the diameter would change again, this again contributes to the error above.One of the major improvements was the transcription of the time period. Using the light gate and an interval of 0.01seconds, the error was only to 0.005seconds therefore the maximum error was (0.005/4.15)x100=0.12% and smallest error (0.005/8.40)x100=0.060%, this shows the improvement in recording the time period, where the human error is eliminated. However one small difficulty in taking the actual reading was knowing where to take the intervals. However there was also an experimental error where I had to estimate where the middle of the peak was, and this was slightly different for each run. However the peak was never longer than nigh 0.1 seconds, therefore the largest error would only have been (0.1/4.15)x100=2.4%. Again the experimental error is greater than the reading e rror, but the overall error was much lower than the preliminary.* The value for shear modulus I used was 44.7x109GPa, however when doing research for this value, there were more than one of the same value, so there is no guarantee that the value I used was the value of my copper wire. The following website gave me a range of 40-47GPa.http//www.efunda.com/materials/common_matl/common_matl.cfm?MatlPhase=SolidMatlProp=Mechanical However, as the shear modulus is so large the error will be so small. Its difficult to work out the percentage error, therefore my error is just a range of 40-47GPa* The scale is accurate to 0.05 grams so error on my block up was (0.05/196.3)=0.0254% error, there is no real experimental error in this reading.The percentage errors above show that the overall error should have decreased, where time period is now a very small error, reduced from about 8% in the preliminary.From my log log graph I got 0.4532 as my gradient. However theoretically it should have bee n 0.5. I also found that if I exclude the 0.1meter length and time period from the log log graph then my gradient would change from 0.4532 to 0.4963, which is very close to 0.5. This again shows that the 0.1m length may be considered as an anomalous result. To work out the percentage error for the gradient, I have to consider the error on the time period and the length, by adding these errors. Therefore the error on the gradient is approximately (0.5+3)/2+(0.12+2.4)/2=3.01%, this was using the average of the reading and experimental errors.From the percentage errors above I believe the main source of error was the diameter of the wire, this had the highest total percentage error and as seen from the equation any error in the diameter will cause a major difference due to being raised to power 4.Reliability of resultsTime Period(seconds)Experiment ResultsT=11.368 x l0.4532T=2?(I/K)0.5Difference1Difference 24.204.003.270.190.924.654.814.01-0.160.645.235.484.63-0.250.606.166.065.180.100 .996.516.595.67-0.070.847.107.066.130.040.987.507.506.550.000.958.047.926.950.121.098.388.307.320.071.05The table above shows my actual experimental results in the first column. Then the expected experimental result using the relationship I found in the second column. The third column is the theoretical result using the equation derived in my research. The forth column shows the difference in the midst of the values I obtained in my experiment and the expected values from the relationship I determined through experiment. And as you can see the maximum difference is only 0.25 seconds away.Therefore this relationship has very strong correlation, as shown on the previous graphs. However, in the fifth column, which shows the difference between my experimental value and the theoretical value according to the equations I noticed that I was constantly above the expected value. Also I was constantly about 1 second above for almost every length measured. From this I came to the conclusion t hat there must clearly have been some sort of opinionated error. This will have increased the time period by approximately a constant amount each time. From my error analysis earlier I believe this may have been the diameter of the wire, as even being 0.1mm away from the true value will cause a large change in time period, which is what may have happened.Improvements to final methodIf I was to perform this experiment again I would try to further decrease the reading and experimental errors in the following ways.* As I found diameter to be the largest error I would ensure that the wire I am using has a constant diameter, by using only one wire and ensuring it has not been stretched in any way before using it. I would then also measure the diameter of the wire at least 5 times for each length, as when the length is decreased the weight will be pulling down on a wire of shorter length, and may stretch the wire more. Therefore I will record the diameter for each length I do and if it c hanges take these new diameters into consideration.* The shear modulus of copper ranged from 40-47GPa, therefore I was unable to even come up with an actual error for this. Therefore to reduce the error to almost zero I would measure the actual shear modulus of the copper wire I am using to do the experiment. This can be done using the following formulae G = E / 2(1+?) where G is the shear modulus, E is the tensile modulus, and ? is the Poissons ratio of the material.

REMEDIAL WRITING PROGRAMME FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS

REMEDIAL WRITING PROGRAMME FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTSThe purpose of this study scheduleme is to determine if students from the elementary level of Hin Hua High initiate (Chinese In subordinate School) improved in their ability to spell in face after having studied specifically developed syllabus. The 7-hour healing(p) program is to be conducted once the academic department releases the final assessment grades. Fifteen students with the lowest score were selected utilize the criterion method to undergo the healing(p) curriculum. the importance of all six-spot majoraspects of report measured in the English Test which comprises mainly punctuation, grammar and usage, sentence structure, strategy, organization, and style. It is believed by run acrossing the remedial programme selected students would be competent to sample the ability to flummox and articulate judgments by taking position on an issue or problem. Besides sustaining a position by focusing on the tallnessic th roughout the writing. They argon alson delivered to develop a position by presenting support or evidence using specific details and make inferences ground on support or evidence. Most importantly, they should be able to organize and present ideas in a logical way by logically grouping and sequencing ideas. Hence communicate clearly by using run-in effectively and by observing the conventions of standard written EnglishINTRODUCTIONAs a language teacher, I often select writing tasks from language textual matters to help students improve their writing ability. Behaviorists, communicative, cognitive, and dis wrinkle theories could influence writing approaches in language textbooks. Each theoretical framework has provided us with a better understanding of the multiple dimensions and purposes of statement writing. A review of the developments in writing pedagogy leads us to conclude that we could teach writing as a means to improve linguistic, rhetorical and communicative competence or as a discovery and cognitive process. The writing tasks that we select from language textbooks and assign to students could reflect one or near of these pedagogical purposes. As teachers, we need to question and understand the pedagogical assumptions of textbook writing tasks so that we sight select tasks that ordain help our students become confident inditers and independent thinkers.Primary students entering the secondary school level (high School) ar challenged not only to nobble new content in the disciplines but also to communicate this. A signifi hindquarterst number of students leave alone not generate adequate academic literacy levels to be able to do this successfully (Jones and Bonanno, 1995 (1). Atlhough traditionally students were expected to develop academic literacy skills without any explicit teaching of these skills, schools now experience the increasingly diverse backgrounds of their student populations and take put in place mechanisms for helping stud ents develop their academic literacy. These squander included the establishment of literacy and attainment units as well as the requirement for school curricula to address the teaching of writing skills including conference skills.English scholarship Centre of Hin Hua High School Klang, want some other literacy and breeding units, has been involved in a number of collaborative projects with teachers involved in teaching Junior One to integrate the teaching of communication skills into the course of instruction (Webb et al, 1995, Taylor and Drury, 1996). These initiatives constitute resulted in the development of new teaching materials and approaches as well as new practices of assessment and feedback. However, as subject atomic number 18a curricula atomic number 18 being adapted to computer-based forms of learning, it is also necessary to consider how the teaching of communication skills can be integrated into these programs or how the teaching of communication skills can be contextualized within the learning of subject atomic number 18a noesis. With the current demand for propheciuency in English Language great importance has been given to developing programs to instill effective writing modes to the elementary learners which aims to help students become successful editors of their own writing.1.1 LITERATURE REVIEWWriting skills have been identified as to improve students view. Moffett and a a few(prenominal) others have developed cognitively sequenced curricula for elementary and secondary writing, college composition, when it is sequenced at all, tends to rely on structural or rhetorical arrangements, which atomic number 18 neither sequential nor cumulative. Progressions from parole to sentence to paragraph to theme conf occasion quantitative with qualitative growth, while rhetorical sequences confront students with cognitive problems of different but equal complexity. In short, from a cognitive perspective, most writing instruction in high er education is consistent with that in secondary education what Stephen Judy set forth as Advanced omnium-gatherum in high school gives way to Arrogant Hodgepodge in college.A large and growing body of research, however, shows that cognitive development follows a stratified sequence of stages and suggests that a curriculum can be sequentially organized to promote cognitive development.Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives provides most essential connections between the cognitive abilities we expect of college students and a curriculum that can stimulate those abilities Blooms Taxonomy is one firmness of purpose to the cognitive hodgepodge of the writing curriculum. It allows us to sequence instruction and assignments in ways that come up to directly to students developmental needs.From least to most complex, For writing instruction the taxonomy provides a flexible model of what happens cognitively in the learning process Bloom described a six stage sequence Know directge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and military rating. (See go through 1)Figure 1.0 The flow chart of Blooms TaxonomyAt each new level, thought processes build on and get across previous levels. Implicit in this structure is the assumption of an ascending eggshell of difficulty and comprehensiveness. Thinking at the comprehension level is more demanding than at the knowledge level cognitive problems requiring synthesis or valuation encompass all the preceding levels.A review of Blooms definitions for each taxonomic level suggests what such a cognitively-based writing course magnate entail. Although the focus of each level is cognitive, rhetorical issues of audience and purpose are equally appropriate and can be specify for any assignment.Most of all, the taxonomy allows us to contemplate the value and feasibility of a cognition-based curriculum in writing. Such a curriculum would reflect the hierarchical dealing of the various thought processes and would help to control for cognitive complexity in writing and thinking about distorting natural discourse. In this form, writing or writing-intensive courses would systematically develop students thinking skills rather than leaving them to chance or, worse, blunting the writers still-developing ability to explore and express ideas. In short, a cognition-based curriculum ensures that students participate fully in using writing as a mode of learning.2.0 INTENDED PURPOSEThe remedial programme is targeted for the elementary learners who are in the process of upgrading their writing skills to the pre -intermediate level. A aggregate of 15 students are selected from the age group of 13 years old based on the final semester examination results. The examination basically structured in accordance to the textbook currently used in the school curriculum ,New Opportunities (Pearson Longman-Cambridge). Basically the (Stiggins to highlight achievement differences between and among students to produce a , 1994). School systems might want to classify students in this way so that they can be enhance their competency level even further. The major reason for using a norm-referenced test (NRT) is to classify students. NRTs are protrudeed on dependable rank order of students across a continuum of achievement from high achievers to low achievers be correctly placed in remedial or gifted programs. These types of tests are also used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups. As the selected students fall under the below average group in Paper 1(Writing Assessment) whereby there are two parts that the had to perpetrate here SECTION A Notes Expansion and SECTION B Continuous Writing (Choose one military issue out of five given) From the academic analysis it was comprise that majority students failed in Section B where it consists of 25% of the total marks of 40% of the Writing paper. Thus they are required to attend a 7 hour r emedial programme to improve their writing skills by at least 85%.3.0 PURPOSE OF REMEDIAL WRITING PROGRAMMEThe reasons for the remedial program to be initiated is to better the learners in their writing skills and strengthen it so that they have all capabilities to be promoted to the next level but due to certain instant factors they fail to adhere to the standards of the pre-intermediate level. Thus these students are carefully selected using the criterion method to undergo the 7 hour remedial programme.In order to work out and motivate these students in the remedial programme an enriching lesson plan is formulated to create a positive outcome at the end of the the 7 hour remedial programme. The purposes for emphasizing writing skills are to produce who can comprehend teaching and learning in a positive mental attributes. There is a total body of research suggesting that assessing students written performance is a valuable undertaking. Not only is an instructor able to help a s tudents progress, but also the instructor can facilitate the learning process and the learning outcomes by being aware of student performance throughout the academic session.Figure 2.0 The Purpose for educational activity WritingUndeniably, 3R skills are important and necessary in daily living. They are also needed to support the development of a knowledge-based economy.Recognizing these needs, the school has initiated and implemented programmes to come in students who have not mastered the 3Rs. These programmes are designed to specifically address and overcome the inability of students to master the 3Rs. This is in line with the essentialism which instills students with academic knowledge and instance development.Among the programmes that have been implemented in schools are the Early Intervention Reading and Writing Class, Basic Skills for Reading, Writing and Counting Programme and the Literacy and Numeracy Programme at direct One.3.1 Sub-skills of WritingBesides drilling and enriching the remedial learners with the core writing skills , there are also exposed to the importance of sub-skills in their learning such asI Manipulating the script of the language handwriting, spelling and punctuation.II Expressing grammatical syntactic and morphological relationships at the sentence levelIII Expressing information or knowledge in writingexplicitlyimplicitlyIV Enrichment of VocabularyPART B4.0 Objectives of the 7-hour remedial programmeThe main aim in introducing and implementing the remedial programme particularly in the aspect of writing skills is to mainlyto develop competencies in writing skills among learnersto move from a teacher-centered didactic model to a student-centered constructivist modelto acquire the ability to write in a more clear, concise and acceptable manner5.0 instructional figure Using the ADDIE Model to Build Writing Competency Among Remedial Learners give in 2.0 ADDIEs Model5.1 FrameworkThe generic term for the five- descriptor instru ctional design model consisting of Analysis,Design,Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Each step has an outcome that feeds into the next step in the sequence. There are probably over 100+ different variations of the generic ADDIE model. Instructional design aim for a learner -centered rather than a traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, so that effective learning can take place. This means that every component of the instruction is governed by the learning outcomes, which have been determined after a perfect analysis of the learners needs.This phases some cartridge holders overlap and can be interrelated however they provide a dynamic, flexible guideline for developing effective and efficient instruction.Figure 3.0 Instructional Design Using the ADDIE Model5.2 ADDIES TheoryThe ADDIE instruction model for this desin is outlined by Smith and Ragan(1995) in their book entitiled Instructional design. The focus is n 5 points Analysis, Design, Development, Impleme ntation and Evaluation. From this theory the analysis has proved that there was a need to conduct remedial programme for the elementary low scorers where an opportunty was given to learn and develop basic essay writing skills.6.0 Remedial Education ProgrammeIn Malaysia, the importance of remedial education gained attention in the 1960s. Results of a buffer store project in nine schools between 1967 and 1970 showed a need for remedial education, especially for pupils in rural areas. This paved the way for remedial education programmes in primary schools. The pioneers in the field attended a two-year intensive course on remedial education in the United Kingdom. Subsequently, a subject field series of seminars and workshops on remedial teaching were organized. With the exception of small schools or under-enrolled schools, every school is allocated one remedial education teacher. At the school level, a Remedial Education Committee is formed, comprising the headmaster, remedial educati on teacher, class teacher, subject teacher, resource centre coordinator, and other teachers as members.The introduction of a new curriculum for primary schools in 1983 implied a return to the basics in education. The ultimate goal was to ensure that no pupil is illiterate by theyear 2000. The implementation of the remedial education programme for children inPrimary 1-3 is to ensure that they master the 3Rs. Children who have been recommended for remedial education are required to attend remedial classes. As of 1999, 54,000 primary school children have undergone the intervention programme.In addition to improving and enhancing teacher development, the Malaysian government also works towards improving the curriculum at school to meet the changing needs of the economy. During the Fourth Malaysia Plan, the primary school curriculum was revised with the aim of providing and establishing a firm education in reading, writing, and arithmetic. This led to the development of a new curriculum emphasizing the 3Rs. Studies looking at the returns to education in Malaysia have found positive results in those who have had some form of formal education, thereby providing support to the government guidelines on the primary curriculum which emphasizes the acquisition of basic skills.Education in Malaysia , changing very rapidly responding to the uphill focus of lifelong learning the growing emphasis on learning as opposed to reaching and the development of the new delivery systems6.1 The Educational, Philosophical and mental foundationElementary education shall aim to develop the spiritual, moral, mental and physical capabilities of the child, provide him with experiences in the democratic way of life, and inculcate ideas and attitude necessary for enlightened, patriotic, erect and useful citizenship. To achieve these headings, elementary education curriculum shall provide for theinculcation of spiritual and civic values and the development of a good citizen based on an abid ing faith in God and genuine love of countrytraining of the young citizen in his rights, duties and responsibilities in a democratic society for nimble participation, in a progressive and productive home and community lifedevelopment of basic understanding about Malaysian culture, the desirable tradition and virtues of our tribe as essential requisites in attaining national consciousness and solidarityteaching of basic health knowledge and the formation of desirable health habits and practicesdevelopment of functional literacy in English as basic tools for further learning andacquisition of fundamental knowledge, attitudes, habits, and skills in science, civics, culture, history, geography, mathematics, arts, and home economics and livelihood education and their intelligent application in appropriate life situations.The Elementary Basic Education Curriculum focuses on the tool learning areas for an adequate development of competencies for learning how to learn. The goal of Instruc tional design is to support the cognitive processes that result in learning (McGriff). The expected outcome of instructional design is to provide knowledge and skills to people. The three major learning theories are Constructivism, Behaviorism, and Cognitive. Instructional Design is based on constructivist principles. Instructional design is associated with instructional systems development (Leshin et al, 1992). An Instructional System is the arrangement of resources and procedures to promote learning (Berger and Kam).6.2 Programme Design ADDIE ModelADDIE is a general-purpose model, which can be used to create instructional products and program design. ADDIE is the acronym for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate and summarizes the five steps in the Instructional Design process. The instructional designer makes decisions critical to ensuring the effectiveness of the educational experience in each phase of the process. In accordance with the process improvement model, the five phases are a loop, with the improvement of learning outcomes as the goal.Dick and Carey and Kemp (Kemp, et .al, 1998) expanded the ADDIE Model into nine elements. The Dick and Carey Model uses a Reductionist approach in breaking instruction down into smaller segments targeting sub skills. The learner is required to master of sub skills, which are aggregated to achieve overall skill victory and learned behavior. It provides a systematic approach to curriculum and program design.Teaching is essentially a philosophical endeavor and therefore educational activity can be conceived within the context of a philosophy or worldview. The curricukum refelects the art and craft of teaching. Educational technology can provide diversity of thinking regarding curriculum and instruction which would be curriculum theorizing.6.2.1 AnalysisBasically the nature of the students whom the remedial programme to be conducted are students who learn English Language as a second language. They are inve ntoryally from Chinese speaking families with a minimum exposure to English Language. Due to the expectation of the school and the educational needs in adhering English as one of the core subjects in school these students are required to have in depth knowledge and skill in it. all of them have been educated in the Chinese primary school education system.Based on the final semester examination results 15 students are selected to undergo remedial programme as they fall in the border line cases .The students acquire poor writing skills, while being able to construct sentences fairly well, they wait to have great difficulty in organizing and developing their ideas into the form of an essay that has an introduction, body and conclusion.In order to promote these students to the next level that is the pre-intermediate phase from their origin elementary level the English Language segment found it vital for them to attend a 7-hour remedial programme in order to find solution to this situ ation. All of them need to further develop their writing skills in term of cohesion and coherence time and practice.6.2.2 DesignThe main design goal for our programme would be on the cognitive strategies of being able to develop an idea for writing since all of them com e from a very similar background and have basic sentence writing skills. Besides the development of language in the chemical mechanism of sentence mental synthesis such as syntax, grammar, structure, etc given priority.R.Gagne(1965) divided learning into 5 categories Verbal or declarative knowledge, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes and psychomotor skills. The learning goals are also in connection to these categories to try to put educational value behind our goals. At the same time the goal also reflects competences outlines by Benjamin Bloom (Bloom,1956). These include Knowledge, Conprehension , Application, Analysis, Synthesis an Evaluation. These give our goals validity whereby competencies a re incorporated in bringing about concrete task for learners that we assign in order to achieve their goals. Hence in the evaluation phase, we can use this aspect to find out the validity and the accomplishment of the learners in implementing the programme.Learning Goals and Type of LearningOBJECTIVESTANDARDGAGNES DOMAINBLOOMS TAXANOMYLearners ordain identify an essay topic and 3 sub-topicsCriteria schematic by Hin Hua High School, English Language DepartmentCognitive strategiesSynthesisLearners will be able to write a 3 paragraph essay with an introduction, 2 sub topics to include their opinions, ideas and conclusionCriteria established by Hin Hua High School, English Language DepartmentDeclarationKnowledgeIntellectual SkillsSynthesisEvaluationApplicationLearners will be able to use the library and Handouts to research printed information on their topicsCriteria established by Hin Hua High School, English Language DepartmentProcedural knowledge (declaration knowledge)KnowledgeLea rners will be able to use proper mechanics of grammar syntaxCriteria established by Hin Hua High School, English Language DepartmentIntellectual SkillsApplicationLearners will be able to present their topics in classCriteria established by Hin Hua High School, English Language DepartmentDeclaration knowledgeComprehensionTable 3.0 Learning Goals and Type of Learning6.2.3 DevelopmentIn order to establish a approachable remedial programme for the elementary learners , we English teachers have developed a remedial programme which will undertake a 7 hour learning process. The teachers from the same level have brainstormed and come up with a course content for the 7-hour teaching and learning programme.The teachers from the same teaching level are the best person to create the lesson as they deal with the same competency level of students all the time and are considered experts in their area. Besides this, they will be able to make he printed and computer materials and added step of getti ng the right content for the level. On top of that since they have already been teaching in the same scope so they will be undoubtedly familiar in the process of teaching and manoeuvre the learners in order to make the remedial programme a success.6.2.3.(1) ProcedureThe remedial programme would be in the English medium since the main objective is to improve writing skills among elementary learners.The programme consists of 6 regular sessions and followed by a review and a test day. Each hour is scheduled to be conducted for 60 minutes***Details on the whole programme given on Part D6.2.4 ImplementationFurther to the development to the development the teachers would be equipped with intact course content for he programme. The module would be prepared in balance with the time frame allotted for the programme. Any teacher who is selected for this task should be ready to undertake the teaching process based on the scheme that has been prepared.Al l 15 students will be instructed to att end the programme for 7 hours. These are the various aspect of implementation emphasized in the learning processTable 4.0 Learning Process Implementation6.2.5 EvaluationThe evaluation phase consists of two parts formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for force field specific criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users.Primarily the evaluation is done in two parts. The first phase will be the evaluation of student work based on the objectives in the Learning goals and type of learning listed above. schoolchilds will be rated by their teacher based on the A,B,C,F criteria set by the English Department. An A is excellent work, B is average, and C will mean student needs improvement. An F would mean that student failed the writing assessment with below 60% of mark. Students will be gauged at each stage of the course. The department will use this evaluation in order to find out how they might need to transform the programme in the future.A summative evaluation will be conducted as outlined by Smith and Ragan(1999,p.352). Those authors explain that in order to evaluate the effectiveness, appeal, and efficiency of instruction, a collection, analysis and summary of data on students ia essential.In our designed programme an exam is built to access students of their mastery on the abilities taught during the programme.Students are to show their capabilities in their understanding and knowledge taught to them by completing the set of homework targeted to them. Students will be graded on from 1 to 5 for their abilities in each of the following sectionsStudent nameStudent able to choose a topic n sub-topicsStudent able to use handouts informationStudent able to complete the essayScore dated from 1 to 51 poor2 Able to understand the writing concept with some guidance3 Able to complete the task with help and support4 Abl e to understand the concept and complete the task individuallyA pre-test and post-test can measure how well learners achieved thelearning objectives. However, it usually takes more time and effort to measurethings such as whether the learners will use their training. This evaluation phasecan extend for months.Upon completion of the programme the students feedback will be collected to further gauge the success of the programme. Questions are also answered on a scale of 1 to 5. 1 is low and 5 is high. The standard questions constructed are as belowWere you satisfied with the content of this course?Were you able to understand the teachers explanation?Were you able to put into practice elements that you learnt?Did you fond the course interesting?On a scale of 1 to 5, what is your general feeling about the course?PART C7.0 REVIEWERS COMMENTSBelow is the summary of the feedback received from two of the Senior Teachers from the English Language Department of Hin Hua High School regarding t he 7hour remedial programme on writing skills.Reviewer 1 Mdm Annaletchumy Reviewer 2 Ms SastinaThe strengths and weaknesses of the newly developed Remedial Programme for Elementary StudentsStrengths1. Learning by actively participating in group discussion2. Encouraging students to construct their own ideas and knowledge of the topic3. Student-centered rather than teacher or subject-centered4. Teaching aid contributed to students visualization on the topic given5. Suitable to students development level6. Group work enables students to self express, to be self-confident and self-awareness7. Encourage teacher to develop students creative thinking abilities8. Emphasizing the concept of group work and peer evaluation where no studentIs left behind9. Encouraging the co-operation among students and teacher positively10. Enables student to have a positive mindset in creative writingWeaknesses1. Unsuitability of activities for crowded room2. lose of materials used as aid for pre-writing ta sk3. Lack of teachers evaluation on the first phase of writing4. Certain task may take more time than the planned time5. Peer evaluation on writing inappropriate approach for elementary learners8.0 Summary of ReviewSummarized below are some of the accomplishments and challenges I personally went through in construction the remedial programme8.1 Strengths8.1.1 Improved students attitude and motivationStudents are mentally prepared to participate in the programme because students agree to a particular pace, workload, and learning environment from the beginning.8.1.2 Creating Learning CommunitiesClasses function as teach communities both teacher and their students benefit in both social and academic areas from working with each other over a entire programme.8.1.3 Eliminating Stigma of DependencyThe concept group work and peer evaluation removed the stigma of being too dependent on the teacher Writing materials.8.2 Weaknesses8.2.1 Students participationSome learners will not contribut e in due to the lack of interest or proficiency8.2.2 Stipulated clipThe period allotted might not be sufficient for certain task. Thus this willdelay or sometimes interrupt the whole programme structure.8.2.3 Genuinely in peer markingSome learners will not adhere by the rules set in peer marking when it comes toassessment. Favoritisms and self -centered will influence the observation9.0 ConclusionIt is expected that by attending this model of English remedial instruction it will be beneficial to low English achievers. Students will gain substantially in grammar and vocabulary and they will also gradually improve in their overall English competence. Based on the comments from the reviewers it can be concluded that learners will be effectively improve their English writing skills through the prepared course module for the remedial programme. A well-designed course will definitely give them encouragement and support to elevate their English proficiency and be prepared for the next lev el , pre=intermediate.10.0 PART D7 HOUR LESSON PLAN REMEDIAL PROGRAMME ENGLISH LANGUAGELEVEL ELEMENTARY LENGTH420m LESSON TYPE WRITING SKILLSAim by the end of my lesson, students will be able to write a full-length essay on Endangered Species and improve their approach of writing strategies.Subsidiary aim students will be able to improve their use of linking words in controlled and less controlled writing activities on Endangered SpeciesEvidence (How will I know I have achieved the aim?)Students will be able to complete gist and short writing strat

Genetically Modified (GM): Pros and Cons

Genetically Modified (GM) Pros and ConsFood is a vital source for the survival of mankind. The watercourse global provender for thought crisis has become too significant a problem that we cannot avoid this issue any further. Several solutions are made to salvage the mail like educating the nations on alimentation habits, population control and providing diet and financial aid to poor countries that face hunger and famine. However, enforcing birth control and changing eating habits is possible but difficult to change the mindset of billions of flock within the near future, what we need is an quick response to tackle this exponentially increasing problem. The or so efficient solution to solve the global food shortage issue might be the reliance on science and technology, the growth and consumption of genetically-modified (GM) food. despite some controversies regarding the engross of GM food, it could be the best answer to handle this global food shortage. In this is article, the pros and cons of GM food will be evaluated along with reference from two developing countries China and Philippines which will describe their use and attitude to GM foods.The creation of GM food can merriment a rather significant role in solving the problem of food shortage worldwide. GM food are produced quicker and an additional advantage of GM food to food that are grown naturally is with the help of genitical enhancement, certain food are manufactured to grow more nutritiously than when produced naturally, for example, golden rice genetically developed to provide Vitamin A will help reduce Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) commonly contracted in developing countries as a takings of malnutrition (Curtis McCluskey Wahl, 2004).Another example that shows a plus point to the suppor of GM food is drouth-resistant ranks. They are created to allow dress out carry without being too sensitively touch by erratic climate changes. This means that crops can still be grown and harvested to feed people even when rain doesnt come. Kenya, for example, has been experiencing drought for the fourth unbowed year. In addition to the lack of rain, the unpredictability as to when rain will come causes confusing and inefficient planting and hence, poor harvesting. With the use of genetically deepen drought-resistant crops, they will not face problems like poor harvest. (Integrated Regional Information intercommunicates, 2009). Furthermore, since GM crops are produced more quickly than naturally grown crops, crop yield will increase significantly which benefits farmers and most importantly, reduce the problem of food shortage.However, thither is an argument that contradicts the point in GM crops helping the increase of crop yield. It is asserted by Mexican Research Scientist, Dr. Antonio Serratos (2008) that production of GM food is unpredictable resulting in the evolution of a mutated version of the actual species. The unpredictability excessively questions the production of GM crops being more efficient than traditonal methods. As refered from the example before regarding the creation of drought-resistant crops, the essence of drought-resistant can also be transfered to weeds. Hence, evolving weeds into drought resistant weeds. This will then result in an increased use of fertilisers or even fertilisers of high potencies to get rid of the GM weeds which quite do more harm to the ecosystem than by traditional breeding. Therefore, an increased in deepen weed could also lead to a reduction in crop yield.On the other hand, the following argument faults the unpredictability of genitically enhanced crops. Plant Scientist from the John Innes Centre, Dr. Giles Oldroyd (2008) argue that science, by definition is predictable. When one gene of an organism is transfered into another(prenominal) organism it is done thoroughly and sensitively to ensure accuracy. Furthermore, a case study of conventional growing of crops requiring nitrogen fertilisers. The u se of nitrogen fertilisers have many adversed effects such as deaths in Mexico and depleting natural resources (fossil fuels). This natural method of crop growing is doing harm to the environment and debates that the perceived unpredictability of genetically enhanced crops are harmful. Dr. Oldroyd also believes that the use of biotechnology is necessary to prevent issues from food shortage due to the expansion in world population and climate change.My start example of a developing country is the Philippines. It is one of the pioneers in Asia to use GM crops where mainly corn was substituted with GM Insect-protected (Bt) corn which has assisted farmers in autocratic invasion of insects on the corn without the use of agricultural pesticides. The following example will explain how the use of GM crops is more convenient and profitable than conventional cropping. Jerry Due is one of more than 50, 000 Filipino farmers in the Philippines that embrace the use of GM corn. Due had less pro blems dealing with corn borers. Furthermore, he has had an increase of an estimated 20 to 30 percent increase in yield since he started using GM grains two years ago. This also reflected positively on his income, he is flat confident in being able to save sufficient money to send his son to school and support his throughout his studies. In addition, Due state that another advantage to the use of the Insect-protected corn is that they need not burn the residue in their harvest where it is necessary for naturally bred corn, instead they simply part the residue in the field where it will naturally deompose and become fertilisers. Hence having more time to spend on his family and also reduce negative impacts to the environment. (Monsanto, 2005)However, there were much domestic debate for Philippines to allow GM crops to be grown in the country due to mainly religious reasons. Philippines is mainly a roman type Catholic country, it has encountered fierce disapproval from environmental groups as tumefy as many Catholic bishops when the Philippine government approved growth of GM crops in the country. Mr. Gloria Arroyo, Filipino President state that the Vaticans approach to GM crops is postive and has allowed the country to cultivate them however, the Vatican states otherwise. The Vatican were still in the midst of discussion, studying the implications and ethics of using GM crops (Mantell, 2003). central Gaudencio Rosales Archbishop of Manila informed President Arroyo to eliminate sale of GM rice products that were imported from the United States as they pose dangers to the peoples health as well as the environment. He stated that As a church institution, we have moral obligation to protect the interest of Gods people and their inherent right to honorable food and healthy environment (Rosales cited by Digal, 2007)The government sees the necessity of GM crop being grown in the country which will help its people economically as described that it had to weigh t he consequences between the idealogy of faith and desperation over food deficit.My second example of a developing country and its use of GM food isChina, the country with the largest population in the world.With over 1.3 billion people and an expected population of 1.4 billion by late 2010s, this is a massive nation requires an incredibly large supply of food to feed its people (Rosenberg, 2008).The China government is very supportive of food biotechonology because they understand the urgency of the immediate availibility of food and the additional nutrional content that GM food can provide. It has policies of self-sufficiency which resulted in China being the fourth largest producer of GM crops globally. The government also believes that more efficient agricultural production techniques need to be practised and GM crops have proven to show superiority over conventional crops with higher yield, pest resistance and longer shelf life.The people in China has a relatively positive atti tude towards the use of biotechnology on food where only 9.3% of respondents in a stick with display negative opinions towards the use of biotechnology on food. This could be partly due to positive influences from the countrys government normal and media coverage . Moreover, the benefits of GM food are considered outweighed to its so-called healths risks and implications. The general benefits which are key factors to developing countries like China are the availibility of food, the nutritional enhancement and stretch forth but not least, the economic advantage to the use of food biotechnology.A consumer-attitude analysis was done in China and results show that Chinese consumers are unstrained to pay an average of 16% appreciation for GM soybean oil and 38% appreciation for GM rice over natural alternatives (Curtis McCluskey Wahl, 2004). Another survey was done to show that at least half of the survey respondents have heard of GM food and active half urveyed that were adequately informed about GM food define GM food as safe for consumption. Only about 20% of overall surveyed feel that GM food is considered unsafe (Zhong Marchant Ding Lu, 2002). This shows that the chinese consumers are not ignorant as to what GM food is all about. The reason as to why chinese consumers are will to pay premium for GM food is that they are willing to experiment new products. They have great trust in the governments judgement on food safety and the price change between GM and conventionally grown food is not a factor big enough to prevent them from purchase (Curtis McCluskey Wahl, 2004).In conclusion, this article has shown perspectives from two developing countries and their postive attitude towards the use of GM food apart from religious reasons. Most importantly, this essay has evaluated and shown that the use of biotechonology on food as a response to tackle the food crisis faced worldwide has been relatively successful with reference from the two developing countries d iscussed. Genetically modified crops play a very important role in increasing efficiency in production of food for the world, perceived health risks dangers, for example, mice that were fed with food that underwent biotechnology had severe health damages (Zhong, Marchant, Ding, Lu 2002) need to be cushioned and the embracement of enhanced crops ought to be look upon by the entire world.BibliographyCurtis K McCluskey J Wahl T. 2004, AgBioForun Consumer word meaning of Genetically Modified Food Products in the Developing WorldDigal S. 2007, AsiaNews Stop US GM Food, says Cardinal Rosales Accessed on 27/11/09 from http//www.asianews.it/view4print.php?1=enart=8509Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) 2009, Prevention Web Kenya Drought-resistant crops encouraged Accessed on 28/11/09 from http//www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=10731Mantell K. 2003, Science and Development Network Philippines announces Vaticans approval of GM food Accessed on 27/11/09 fro m http//www.scidev.net/en/news/philippines-announces-vaticans-approval-of-gm-foo.htmlMonsanto Company, 2005, Filipino Farmers Reap Advantages of Genetically Modified Organisms Accessed on 27/11/09 from http//www.monsanto.com/biotech-gmo/asp/farmers.asp?cname=philippinesid=jerrydueRosenberg M. 2008, About China Population Accessed on 28/11/09 from http//geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/chinapopulation.htmZhong F Marchant M Ding Y Lu K. 2002, AgBioForum GM Foods A Nanjing Case Study of Chinese Consumers Awareness and Potential Attitudes

Workforce Planning

hands PlanningScenario Thinking of brands with a prestige Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy or LVMH is going to fill out in many peoples thoughts straight a demeanor. LVMH is a business organisation involved in many atomic number 18as and in many countries specialized in luxury goods. In this report, the researcher as a gracious pick consultant in LVMH, professional consultation on divers(a) aspects of HR planning and interruptment is needed. parturiency 1ObjectivesWhat is Workforce PlanningWorkforce planning at global levelPurpose of HR planning in LVMHA plan is a growth of doing something and the way of doing it. It is the middle stage of current state of affairs and the next state of affairs. Whereas, manpower planning is the process of pointing out what kind of human resource organization ask, to fulfil its goals and objectives. It determines the skill, knowledge and down required for a given job. Workforce planning helps Control employee tollsAssess talent needsCost eff ectiveness of employeesEfficiency of employeesAssess human capital needs and risks.Optimum makeance, knowledge in contrary cultural, being pro-active are few reasons for campaignforce planning internationalisticly. Above all language and culture which also include religion, peoples beliefs and traditional practices are often considered as a major issue here. HR is planned at global level to increase their knowledge, skill and experience in different adding environments. Globalisation has become a strong and ambitious task for all the organisations. Organisations are expanding globally facing new challenges e precise moment. To cope up with this situation organisation needs more workforces who have experience at global level. Globalisation unceasingly creates pressure for the organisation but it is also fruitful for the organisation at a longer term as well. Due to limited funds in this recession, LVMH plans human resource to do the resembling amount of work but with limited or fewer stave members. It makes replacement easy to fill with appropriate Ready to Move muckledidate. Filling vacancies has always been very critical as lack of knowledge about the specialized work and worry and also lack of experience and competencies apply. HR planning in LVMH gives a clear picture of the expenditures going to incur to train and develop their staff for the next suitable task. Rapid technological change and reduced communication costs have increased international production in LVMH.Workforce planning does not always mean recruitment process. Hence, the purpose of workforce planning in LVMH at global level is very clear.Getting behave on English language as well as some international languages.Develop talent in working on a completely different environment.External and internal constituents need to consider spell working at global level.The different strategies and management practice needs to undertake while working at global level. (1)LVMH believes that the best way to develop its employees is not by formal training but international vertical, horizontal and geographical mobility inside the organisation LVMH case study. LVMH believes in practical training rather than theoretical approach, which can only be done in moving workforce crosswise the globe. The senior employees get their determine first in global mobility. HR directors are the one who decides the potential candidate who is Ready to Move. Task 2ObjectivesWhat is internationalist RecruitmentAdvantages of International RecruitmentInternational Recruitment, is the most important HR function within LVMH.Recruitment is the most important aspect of human resource management. Whereas, International Recruitment means hiring or recruiting someone to work in the organisation at a global level. That person lead have to be competent of international experience, knowledge and skill. He will have to be strong enough to face the global challenges and can lead the organisation in the global market. International recruitment process often depends on country of operation and is always very difficult to carry on. Language has always been a major drawback in international recruitment. As for connection like LVMH they only recruit individual who can speak fluent English and also at least three different international languages to reduce their cost of training employees and increase staff efficacy in language point of view.International recruitment has various benefitsExperience Person will be experienced enough to deal with international situation. Company can also be benefitted from the experience he can share.Efficiency They will be efficient in understanding organisations structure and working methods resulting time saving.Cost Effectiveness Additional training in managing organisations globally or training in different languages is not required thus saving staff training expenses.Cheap recruitment Recruitment process is often cheap from hiring someone with int ernational knowledge or experience, who would be able to manage the company well, rather than hiring employee from the sept country. Savings in the salaries will be derived in this process.Culture Knowledge in different culture of people can be studied and often counted as beneficial for the company. bodily strategy of the business can be changed for greater good in order to maintain companys mission and achieve goals faster.Though LVMH is based in Paris, they are a global giant and is spread globally across three continent and among 58 countries worldwide. Their business has been divided into five different world order across the globe which made international recruitment essential. The international recruitment process of LVMH benefits from all the advantages of international recruitment. Employees are moved globally to maintain the companys old-hats everywhere the same with its goal to fulfil and also their corporate mission (2)to represent the most refined qualities of wes tern products around the world, LVMH group mission. As for LVMH international recruitment process is a very difficult HR functions as well. Often it is hard to find someone who is the right person, for a right task to perform in the right place of work. Their different cultural view make the company even hard to get benefitted from their involvement in planning and murder of strategies. Recruitment is kind of a long term investment not in terms of asset but in terms of quality work to lead the company further to its values and mission. Thus it can be supported that international recruitment is a significant step in HR management within LVMH.Task 3ObjectivesWhat is international mobilityNeed for international mobilityImportance of international mobility in LVMHInternational mobility means employee who are professional in any field of that company work in order to satisfy corporate and client needs in a different working theater than its own. Often employees are transferred from one place to another around the world to make the company more virtual and certainly more widespread in the future. The faster growth of globalisation and the pressure to compete with its competitors, international mobility now take place in most of the big companies. International mobility is a junto of the points such as Talent management This is the process of selecting candidate, setting their objectives and identifying their individual role in retention strategies and repatriation planning.Reward aspects This is the process of fixing base remuneration and benefits and their expatriate indemnity of a candidate.Procedural aspects This consists of risk management which is nothing but immigration requirements and contractual arrangements cost management and administering the international mobility process.Situations vary from company to company and with its HR insurance policy to what extent international mobility is required. Massive company like LVMH, who performs around the wor ld, international mobility also take place due to seasonal worker shortage of workforce in any particular country. Common holiday appeal is also a well known factor as most employees want holiday during the pass school holiday period or in the Christmas time. During these periods of time, it is often wise for LVMH to transfer or appoint professionals in the same field but from different area into those places. This is only possible for internationally mobile workforce that a person in France can go for a summer holiday in July and in his place a person from Australia can join work, where he might need holiday in his summer time which is in December.Too many or too less professionals always create conflict in achieving tasks. Thus international mobility gives a chance to balance things tallyly. Due to recent fall in many luxury companies LVMH is in lack of confidence in hiring new employee to follow new strategies. instead they are into create their market following their previou s own strategies performed by existing employees which were proven to a success earlier. In this point financial factor is also a main problem as they are less likely to afford any new mistakes.Many people want to emigrate to a different country to work. Thus companies face problems in finding themselves a skilled worker. A company like LVMH gives them the chance to migrate. However aft(prenominal) certain time people want to come back to their basis country to settle down which is also possible for employees in LVMH as international mobility is not always undertaken. People migrate for increased salary which might be far less to LVMH. A private instructor in the UK, and a manager in India, who are performing the same task same hours a week might have a big difference among their salaries. In this way it is a savings for the company to achieve such employees. In todays crisis, it is difficult for the companies to find a good employee therefore, nobody wants to leave their profe ssionals. Therefore international mobility is a must for the company to run their business. For LVMH to succeed in its competitive market, they need to recruit internationally mobile employees to reach their target and objectives to fill their expected corporate goals.Task 4ObjectivesCareer learning and expatriate compensation schemeBenefits to the managers of LVMH from the schemeBenefits to LVMH from the scheme(3)The international mobility policy is part of a career development scheme, LVMH case study. LVMH has exciting career development prospects as it does not provide high compensation levels to its expatriates, since the company is cutting its cost to be more cost efficient. Its vision is not to attract its employees by economic incentives, though LVMH pay a very high rate of salary. The employees receive their salaries according to the international standard rather than based on the country of work. LVMH also offer their employees the chance to perform their task with more fr eedom. Effectively employees get convinced to work alfresco from their kinsfolk country due to various challenges he can undertake as well.The career development and expatriate compensation practice of LVMH is beneficial for twain the company and its expatriates. As for its expatriates, the competitive raise in the salary after each year or a specified time, motivates them. Their salary is based according to the percentage of their expenditure and also 30% savings to their salary money to send back home. Expatriate receives a relocation allowance which is equivalent to a month of their gross salary prior to the arrival in the new country of work. Expatriates receives additional benefits such as paid education for their children, paid home leaves, temporary housing for up to a month, and also last but not least loans for housing deposits or purchasing automobile. Employees would not have to lodge in about their cost of moving as it is covered by LVMH. Employees get paid holidays depending on their home countrys labour law. Depending on the personnel and their job title, some of them receive much generous home leave allowance like travelling in the first class instead of economy class. Their security benefits would always remain the same as their home country where LVMH sometimes end up paying a double contribution in the social security.LVMH provides huge benefits for its internationally mobile expatriates in healthcare. LVMH provides health insurance to approximately 95% of its employees and their family in the same standard as they can get in their home country. Life insurance and disability protection also proves that the level of cover is highly reputable.As for the company, LVMH often calculate the salary of its expatriates based on the home country. This provides the cost effectiveness of the company. Internationally mobile expatriates are a kind of investment in longer term for the company as future profits will be achieved through the successful co mpletion of any international assignments. The various benefits of international mobility for a company apply in LVMH too. Employees who are move and work internationally brings extensive skill and knowledge to the company. Since, employees do not work in same country for a longer time, thus their efficiency level remains at its full all the time.Task 5ObjectivesProblems in Career development through international mobilityStrategic consultation for LVMHLVMH offers a competitive rate of benefits to all its expatriates in career development through international mobility. As it has been mentioned in the earlier tasks, LVMHs policies of attracting its expatriates are very much different and broad from the other companies. For providing many facilities to its internationally mobile expatriates, LVMH also get highly skilled international manager with many years of experience in working at a global level. Due to its competitive rate of benefit offered to its expatriates, employees often get greedy and expect more from the company which may result conflict with the companys mission and objectives. They might start requesting for an early or frequent transfer to different countries to be eligible for the benefits. Some under-developed or developing country staff might want himself to settle down in the developed countries for greater good. Some people get very excited of the various benefits they are going to receive and thus do not concentrate on working effectively and efficiently, leaving companys purpose for international mobility undone.It could be suggested that LVMH can make a change in its recruitment policy. Candidates should get the job via several assessmentsThey should fit for the job appliedTheir previous references should be assessedTheir quality of the paper for the job should be measuredThey should be hired for a probation period to carry out a taskBased on the task terminate they could be made a permanent staffThey would not be entitled for the be nefits as a temporary staffFurther recommendations could be advertisement the vacancies in public Medias. People often get attracted when they hear about vacancies. Prior to selection, candidates should be briefed about the job and its rewards. Employees should sometimes get the chance to work in their home country as well.Task 6ObjectivesAdvantages of international transfer policyHow employees could be motivatedThe international transfer incision of LVMH makes the policy for international transfer. The policy then followed by the HR managers to transfer LVMHs employees at a global level. Due to the different standards made by the department, it is often very easy to pick people who are eligible for an international transfer.The various benefits could beHas an unique standard to assess the candidatesIs fair for allHR Director cannot separate anyone from the policy Based on the potentiality of the candidateInformation flow and is harmonisedMaintaining the standards in the internat ional transfer policy, the international transfer department refer LVMHs expatriates by gathering information about them from its wide international networks. Based on the references and recommendations to the HR Directors the policy work as a implemental benchmark. International transfer policy strengthens the company by assisting companys HR teams. Employees can be motivated as it is a fair policy. Constant rise in international assignments need more international employees. Various benefits offered to the employees through international mobility are framed by the international transfer policy. It is an internal part of LVMHs management concept. (4)International transfer policy has a clear mandate to spread the groups key values which are preserving, autonomy and encouraging entrepreneurship LVMH case study. It is a process of achieving future career development in LVMH. The mission and vision which are widely spread by the policy increase the level of motivations among the expat riates. Expansion in the policy could be developed due to the increased number of international transfers made. International transfer policy helps to achieve goals by motivating LVMHs expatriates to be effective in their task, and to complete it efficiently.